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Atomic: M.A.C. | Reference
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Bismuth
Electrons per shell 2,8,18,32,18,5
Electron Configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 open electron config
Ground state 43/2
Atomic Volume 21.3 cm3 mol-1
Electronegativity 2.02
Magnetic ordering Diamagnetic
Mass magnetic susceptibility -1.7 x 10-8
Molar magnetic susceptibility -3.6 x 10-9
Speed of sound 1790 m s-1
Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization 207.1 kJ mol-1 @25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion 10.48 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation 179.1 kJ mol-1
Heat Capacity 25.52 J mol-1 K-1
Thermal Conductivity 7.97 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion 13.4 μm m-1 K-1
Hardness
Brinell hardness 94.2 MPa
Mohs hardness 2.25
Elastic Properties
Bulk modulus 31 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.33
Shear modulus 12 GPa
Young's modulus 32 GPa
Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity 1.3 x 10-6 Ω m
Electrical conductivity 0.00867 106/cm Ω
Chemical Properties
Electrochemical Equivalent 2.599 g Ah-1
Electron Work Function 4.22 eV
Valence Electron Potential (-eV) 41.9
Ionization Potential  
First 7.289
Second 16.687
Third 25.559
Energy Levels
Kα1 (intensity 100) 77.1079 KeV
Kα2 (intensity 50) 74.8148 KeV
Kβ1 (intensity 0) 87.343 KeV
Lα1 (intensity 100) 10.8388 KeV
Lα2 (intensity 10) 10.73091 KeV
Lβ1 (intensity 38) 13.0235 KeV
Lβ2 (intensity 14) 12.9799 KeV
Lβ3 (intensity 2) 13.2067 KeV
Lβ4 (intensity 2) 12.6892 KeV
Lγ1 (intensity 8) 15.2477 KeV
Lγ2 (intensity 2.7) 15.5754 KeV
Lγ3 (intensity 2) 11.708 KeV
Ll (intensity 6) 9.4203 KeV
Atomic Radii
Empirical 160 pm
Bohr Radius 143 pm
Covalent Radius 146 pm
Van der Waals No data.
Triple covalent 135 pm
Metallic No data.
Oxidation States
Main Bi+3
Other Bi-3, Bi+1, Bi+4
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) show graph
M - M+ 703.2
M+ - M2+ 1610
M2+ - M3+ 2466
M3+ - M4+ 4372
M4+ - M5+ 5400
M5+ - M6+ 8520
M6+ - M7+ 10300
M7+ - M8+ 12300
M8+ - M9+ 14300
M9+ - M10+ 16300
Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1)
Bi-H 194
Bi-C 143
Bi-O 339
Bi-F 314
Bi-Cl 285
Bi-Bi 200
Vapour Pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K
T (K) 941 1041 1165 1325 1538 1835
Crystal Structure
Structure Monoclinic
a = 667.4 pm
b = 611.7 pm
c = 330.4 pm
α = 90°
β = 110.33°
γ = 90°